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DCM DRUG FORMULARY
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SEDATIVES, TRANQUILZERS AND DISSOCIATIVES (RESTRAINT ONLY)

USED FOR NON-INVASIVE, NON-PAINFUL PROCEDURES ONLY

DRUG	DOSE	ROUTE	FREQUENCY	COMMENTS
Valium	5 mg/kg	IP		Also an anti-epileptic drug
Acepromazine	2-5 mg/kg	IP, SQ
Medetomidine	30-100 mcg/kg	IP, SQ		Reversible*
Atipamezole* (Antisedan)	0.1-1 mg/kg	IP, SQ		Reverses Medetomidine for faster recovery

GENERAL ANESTHESIA – SURVIVAL PROCEDURES

DRUG	DOSE	ROUTE	FREQUENCY	COMMENTS
Ketamine and Xylazine	80-100 mg/kg 5-10 mg/kg	IP, same syringe	Redose as needed at 1/3 the original dose of ketamine only	20-40 minute duration
Cocktail ¹	0.08-0.1 ml / 10 gm	IP, same syringe	Redose as needed at 1/3 the original dose of ketamine only	20-40 minute duration
Ketamine and Xylazine and Acepromazine	30 mg/kg 6 mg/kg 2-4 mg/kg	IP, same syringe		30-50 minute duration
Ketamine and Medetomidine	50-75 mg/kg 1 mg/kg	IP, same syringe		20-30 minute duration; Minor surgical procedures only
Pentobarbital	40-85 mg/kg	IP		20-40 minute duration; Low margin of safety; Unreliable anesthesia
Isoflurane	3-5% Induction 1-3%Maintenance	Inhalation		Requires precision vaporizer²; Vaporizer calibration required annually³; Waste anesthetic gases must be scavenged⁴

¹Cocktail: Mix 1.0 ml of Ketamine 100 mg/ml, 0.5 ml of Xylazine 20 mg/ml, and 8.5 ml sterile saline/sterile water in an appropriate container (total resultant volume is 10.0 ml). Administer 0.08-0.1 ml per 10 grams of body weight. Label the mixture with the following: ‘Mouse Cocktail’, drug components, date cocktail was made and an expiration date (earliest expiration date of the components).

² Survival procedures requires the use of a precision vaporizer for Isoflurane gas delivery. The DCM has rodent Isoflurane machines that can be rented for a nominal fee. Bell jars may be used for ultra-short non-survival procedures. The animals may not come into contact with the Isoflurane and the use of a chemical fume hood is required.

³ To facilitate vaporizer calibration, the DCM coordinates annually with an outside vendor. This is typically scheduled in October of each year. Investigators are welcome to drop off their vaporizers in the DCM for calibration. The cost of the service is shared amongst the investigators.

⁴ For the GUACUC or DCM policy on scavenging waste gases, please refer to…

GENERAL ANESTHESIA – NON-SURVIVAL PROCEDURES

DRUG	DOSE	ROUTE	FREQUENCY	COMMENTS
Carbon Dioxide	70%	Inhalation in Chamber	Single use	For very acute, NON-SURVIVAL PROCEDURES only such as, terminal cardiac puncture; Compressed gas only approved source
Chloral Hydrate¹	400 mg/kg	IP	Single use	Narrow margin of safety; 60-120 minute duration
Avertin^1,2 (Tribromoethanol)	240 mg/kg or 0.2 ml / 10 gm of 1.25% concen.	IP	Single use	15-45 minute duration; Unreliable anesthesia; Storage is important **

¹Due to the reported adverse effects of these drugs, they are not recommended for use in survival surgeries. Use of these agents for survival procedures must be scientifically justified and approved by the GUACUC.

²Avertin is no longer available as a pharmaceutical grade powder, it is only available in a chemical grade formulation. Therefore, there may be contaminants and inconsistencies in formulation from manufacturer to manufacturer and also from batch to batch. As a result, the anesthesia from Avertin is unpredictable. It is unpredictable in both its ability to induce a surgical plane of anesthesia and in its duration of anesthesia. Recent evidence has suggested that lethal batches of Avertin mixes are not due to the storage of the mixed solution, but due to inappropriate storage of the pre-mixed powder.

ANALGESICS (PAIN RELIEVERS)

DRUG

DOSE

ROUTE

nbsp;           USED FOR NON-INVASIVE, NON-PAINFUL PROCEDURES ONLY

Acepromazine

2.5 mg/kg

SQ, IM, IP

Medetomidine

0.1 – 0.5 mg/kg

IP, SQ

Reversible*

Atipamezole* (Antisedan)

0.1 - 1.0 mg/kg

SQ, IP

Reverses Medetomidine for faster recovery

Ketamine and Acepromazine

75 mg/kg and

2.5 mg/kg

SQ, IP

GENERAL ANESTHESIA – SURVIVAL PROCEDURES

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Ketamine and Xylazine

40 – 90 mg/kg

5 – 10 mg/kg

IP

Redose as needed at 1/3 the original dose of ketamine only

20-40 minute duration

Cocktail¹ 0.4 – 0.5 ml per 100 gram
IP
Redose as needed at 1/3 the original dose of ketamine only 20-40 minute duration

Ketamine and Xylazine and Acepromazine²

30 - 35 mg/kg

6 – mg/kg

1 – 2 mg/kg

SQ

Redose as needed at ¼ - 1/3 the original dose

30 – 40 minute duration

Ketamine and Medetomidine

60 - 75 mg/kg

1.0 - 0.5 mg/kg

IP

20-30 minute duration;

Minor surgical procedures only

Pentobarbital

30 – 50 mg/kg

IP

20-40 minute duration;

Low margin of safety;

Unreliable anesthesia

Isoflurane

3-5% Induction

1-3%Maintenance

Inhalation

Requires precision vaporizer³; Vaporizer calibration required annually⁴; Waste anesthetic gases must be scavenged⁵

¹Mix 1.5 ml of Ketamine 100 mg/ml, 1.0 ml of Xylazine 20 mg/ml, and 7.5 ml sterile saline/sterile water in a sterile multi-dose vial (total resultant volume is 10.0 ml). Administer 0.4 – 0.5 ml per 100 grams of body weight. Label the mixture with the following: ‘Rat Cocktail’, drug components, date cocktail was made and an expiration date (earliest expiration date of the components).

²Mix 2.5 ml of Ketamine 100 mg/ml, 2.5 ml of Xylazine 20 mg/ml, 1.0 ml Acepromazine 10 mg/ml and 4 ml sterile water/sterile saline in a sterile multi-dose vial (total resultant volume is 10.0 ml). Administer 0.125 ml/100 gram body weight for light to moderate surgical procedures and 0.15 ml/100 gram body weight for extensive surgical procedures. Redose at ¼ to 1/3 the original dose to extend duration of anesthesia.

³ Survival procedures requires the use of a precision vaporizer for Isoflurane gas delivery. The DCM has rodent Isoflurane machines that can be rented for a nominal fee. Bell jars may be used for ultra-short non-survival procedures. The animals may not come into contact with the Isoflurane and the use of a chemical fume hood is required.

⁴ To facilitate vaporizer calibration, the DCM coordinates annually with an outside vendor. This is typically scheduled in October of each year. Investigators are welcome to drop off their vaporizers in the DCM for calibration. The cost of the service is shared amongst the investigators.

⁵ For the GUACUC or DCM policy on scavenging waste gases, please refer to…

GENERAL ANESTHESIA – NON-SURVIVAL SURGERIES

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Chloral Hydrate

300 – 450 mg/kg

IP

Very low margin of safety (LD50 = 500 mg/kg); documented to cause ileus and peritonitis in rats

Equithesin

IP

Carbon Dioxide

70%

Inhalation in Chamber

Single use

For very acute, NON-SURVIVAL PROCEDURES only such as, terminal cardiac puncture; Compressed gas only approved source

ANALGESICS (PAIN RELIEVERS)

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Buprenorphine

0.01 – 0.05 mg/kg

SQ

Every 8 -12 hours

Opioid; Pica observed at higher doses

Butorphanol

2 mg/kg

SQ

Every 4 hours

Opioid

Morphine

2 – 5 mg/kg

SQ

Every 2 – 4 hours

Opioid

Bupivicaine

2 mg/kg

Maximum dosage

ID, SQ

Once

Administered as a local block; drug is administered ID or SQ along the incision line, typically prior to the incision

Carprofen

5 – 10 mg/kg

PO, SQ

Every 12 hours

NSAID

Ketoprofen

5 mg/kg

SQ

Every 24 hours

NSAID

Aspirin

100 mg/kg

PO

Every 4 hours

NSAID

Banamine

2.5 mg/kg

SQ

Every 12-24 hours

NSAID

Meloxicam

0.5 mg/kg

PO, SQ

Every 12-24 hours

NSAID

Acetominophen

110 – 300 mg/kg

PO

Every 12 hours

Antiinflammatory

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GUINEA PIG

SEDATIVES, TRANQUILZERS AND DISSOCIATIVES (RESTRAINT ONLY)

            USED FOR NON-INVASIVE, NON-PAINFUL PROCEDURES ONLY

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Acepromazine

0.5 – 1.0 mg/kg

SQ, IM

Medetomidine

0.5 mg/kg

IM

Reversible*

Atipamezole* (Antisedan)

0.1 - 1.0 mg/kg

IM, IP, SQ

Valium

0.5 – 3 mg/kg

IM

Also an antiepileptic drug

GENERAL ANESTHESIA – SURVIVAL PROCEDURES

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Ketamine and Xylazine

40 – 60 mg/kg

2 – 5 mg/kg

IP

Lower end of range for sedation, higher end of ranges for light – moderate surgical procedures

Ketamine and Medetomidine

40 mg/kg

0.5 mg/kg

IM, IP

Ketamine and

Acepromazine

25 – 55 mg/kg

0.75 – 3.0 mg/kg

IP, SQ, IM

Sedation to Minor procedures only

Ketamine and

Midazolam and

Butorphanol

5 – 20 mg/kg

0.25 – 0.5 mg/kg

0.2 – 0.5 mg/kg

IM, IV

Isoflurane

3% - 5% Induction

1% - 3% Maintenance

Inhalation

Requires precision vaporizer¹; Vaporizer calibration required annually²; Waste anesthetic gases must be scavenged³

Tiletamine/Zolazepam

and Xylazine

and Butorphanol

60 mg/kg

5 mg/kg

0.1 mg/kg

IP

IM

Mix Tiletamine/Zolazepam and xylazine in same syringe, give IP; 60 – 100 minute duration

Pentobarbital

20 – 40 mg/kg

IP

20-40 minute duration;

Low margin of safety;

Unreliable anesthesia

¹ Survival procedures requires the use of a precision vaporizer for Isoflurane gas delivery. The DCM has rodent Isoflurane machines that can be rented for a nominal fee. Bell jars may be used for ultra-short non-survival procedures. The animals may not come into contact with the Isoflurane and the use of a chemical fume hood is required.

² To facilitate vaporizer calibration, the DCM coordinates annually with an outside vendor. This is typically scheduled in October of each year. Investigators are welcome to drop off their vaporizers in the DCM for calibration. The cost of the service is shared amongst the investigators.

³ For the GUACUC or DCM policy on scavenging waste gases, please refer to…

ANALGESICS (PAIN RELIEVERS)

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Buprenorphine

0.05 mg/kg

SQ, IM

Every 8 – 12 hours

Opioid

Butorphanol

0.4 – 4.0 mg/kg

SQ, IM

Every 4 hours

Opioid

Morphine

2 – 5 mg/kg

SQ

Every 2-3 hours

Opioid

Aspirin

80 mg/kg

PO

Every 4 hours

NSAID

Carprofen

1 – 2 mg/kg

PO

Every 12 hours

NSAID

Ketoprofen

1 mg/kg

SQ

Every 24 hours

NSAID

Banamine

2.5 – 5 mg/kg

SQ, IM

Every 12 hours

NSAID

Meloxicam

0.1 – 0.3 mg/kg

PO

Every 24 hours

NSAID

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FERRET

SEDATIVES, TRANQUILZERS AND DISSOCIATIVES (RESTRAINT ONLY)

            USED FOR NON-INVASIVE, NON-PAINFUL PROCEDURES ONLY

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Acepromazine

0.1 – 0.5 mg/kg

IM, SQ

Diazepam

1.0 – 2.0 mg/kg

IM

Medetomidine

0.1 mg/kg

IM, SQ

Reversible*

Atipamezole* (Antisedan)

1.0 mg/kg

IM, IP, SQ

Ketamine and Acepromazine

20 – 30 mg/kg

0.2 – 0.35 mg/kg

SQ, IM

GENERAL ANESTHESIA – SURVIVAL PROCEDURES

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Ketamine and Xylazine

10 -25 mg/kg

1 - 2 mg/kg

IM

Lower end of range for sedation, higher end of ranges for light – moderate surgical procedures

Ketamine and Medetomidine

4 - 8 mg/kg

0.08 – 0.1 mg/kg

IM

Ketamine and

Medetomidine and

Butorphanol

5 mg/kg

0.08 mg/kg

0.1 mg/kg

IM

Ketamine and

Diazepam

5 – 10 mg/kg

0.25 – 1.0 mg/kg

IM

Mix = volumes of 100mg/ml Ketamine with 5 mg/ml Diazepam; administer at 0.1 mg/kg

Tiletamine/Zolazepam

(Telazol)

12 – 22 mg/kg

IM

Isoflurane

3% - 5% Induction

1% - 3% Maintenance

Inhalation

Requires precision vaporizer¹; Vaporizer calibration required annually²; Waste anesthetic gases must be scavenged³

Propofol

2 – 5 mg/kg

IV

Ultra-short procedures or Induction; can prolong via constant rate infusions

Pentobarbital

30 -50 mg/kg

IP, IV

20-40 minute duration;

Low margin of safety;

Unreliable anesthesia

¹ Survival procedures requires the use of a precision vaporizer for Isoflurane gas delivery. The DCM has rodent Isoflurane machines that can be rented for a nominal fee.

² To facilitate vaporizer calibration, the DCM coordinates annually with an outside vendor. This is typically scheduled in October of each year. Investigators are welcome to drop off their vaporizers in the DCM for calibration. The cost of the service is shared amongst the investigators.

³ For the GUACUC or DCM policy on scavenging waste gases, please refer to…

ANALGESICS (PAIN RELIEVERS)

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Buprenorphine

0.01 – 0.05 mg/kg

SQ, IM, IV

Every 8 – 12 hours

Opioid

Butorphanol

0.05 – 0.5 mg/kg

SQ, IM

Every 8 – 12 hours

Opioid

Morphine

0.5 - 5 mg/kg

SQ, IM

Every 3- 4 hours

Opioid

Aspirin

10 - 20 mg/kg

PO

Every 24 hours

NSAID

Carprofen

1 mg/kg

PO

Every 12 - 24 hours

NSAID

Ketoprofen

1 mg/kg

SQ, PO, IM

Every 24 hours

NSAID

Banamine

0.3 – 2 mg/kg

SQ, IM

Every 12 - 24 hours

NSAID

Meloxicam

0.2 mg/kg

PO

Every 12 hours

NSAID

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RABBIT

SEDATIVES, TRANQUILZERS AND DISSOCIATIVES (RESTRAINT ONLY)

            USED FOR NON-INVASIVE, NON-PAINFUL PROCEDURES ONLY

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Acepromazine

0.5 - 2 mg/kg

IM, SQ

As preanesthetic, use lower end

Diazepam

1.0 – 5.0 mg/kg

IM, IV

Medetomidine

0.1 – 0.5 mg/kg

IM

Reversible*

Atipamezole* (Antisedan)

0.001 mg/kg

IM, SQ

Ketamine and Acepromazine

40 - 50 mg/kg

0.5 – 1.0 mg/kg

IM

GENERAL ANESTHESIA – SURVIVAL PROCEDURES

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Ketamine and Medetomidine

15 - 35 mg/kg

0.25 – 0.5 mg/kg

IM, SQ

Ketamine and

Diazepam

10 - 30 mg/kg

0.5 - 3 mg/kg

IM, IV

Propofol

2 – 15 mg/kg

IV

Lower end if preanesthetic given, higher end w/out preanesthetic; Ultrashort, prolong with constant rate infusion

Thiopental

15 – 30

IV

Ultrashort; Induction

Isoflurane

3% - 5% Induction

1% - 3% Maintenance

Inhalation

Requires precision vaporizer¹; Vaporizer calibration required annually²; Waste anesthetic gases must be scavenged³

Pentobarbital

20 - 45 mg/kg

IV

20-40 minute duration;

Low margin of safety;

Unreliable anesthesia

¹ Survival procedures requires the use of a precision vaporizer for Isoflurane gas delivery. The DCM has Isoflurane machines that can be rented for a nominal fee.

² To facilitate vaporizer calibration, the DCM coordinates annually with an outside vendor. This is typically scheduled in October of each year. Investigators are welcome to drop off their vaporizers in the DCM for calibration. The cost of the service is shared amongst the investigators.

³ For the GUACUC or DCM policy on scavenging waste gases, please refer to…

ANALGESICS (PAIN RELIEVERS)

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Buprenorphine

0.01 – 0.05 mg/kg

SQ, IM, IV

Every 8 – 12 hours

Opioid

Butorphanol

0.1 – 1.0 mg/kg

SQ, IM, IV

Every 4 - 6 hours

Opioid

Morphine

2 - 5 mg/kg

SQ, IM

Every 2- 4 hours

Opioid

Fentanyl

0.005 – 0.01 mg/kg

<3kg, ½ 25 mcg patch;

>3kg, 25 mcg patch

IV

transdermal

Every 1- 2 hours

3 day duration

Opioid

Aspirin

100 mg/kg

PO

Every 12 - 24 hours

NSAID

Carprofen

1 - 2 mg/kg

PO

Every 12 hours

NSAID

Ketoprofen

1 mg/kg

SQ, IM

Every 24 hours

NSAID

Banamine

1.0 – 2.0 mg/kg

SQ, IM

Every 12 - 24 hours

NSAID; 3day maximum duration

Meloxicam

0.5 mg/kg

PO

Every 12 hours

NSAID

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DOG

SEDATIVES, TRANQUILZERS AND DISSOCIATIVES (RESTRAINT ONLY)

            USED FOR NON-INVASIVE, NON-PAINFUL PROCEDURES ONLY

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Acepromazine

0.025 – 0.2 mg/kg

IM, SQ

Maximum dose is 3 – 4 mg per dog

Diazepam

0.2 – 0.4 mg/kg

IM, IV

Medetomidine

0.01 – 0.04 mg/kg

IM

Reversible*

Atipamezole* (Antisedan)

0.05 – 0.2 mg/kg

IM

Administer an equal volume as Medetomidine

Ketamine and Acepromazine

10 mg/kg

0.2 mg/kg

IM

GENERAL ANESTHESIA – SURVIVAL PROCEDURES

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Ketamine and Medetomidine

3 - 5 mg/kg

0.01 – 0.03 mg/kg

IM

Ketamine and

Diazepam

6 - 11 mg/kg

0.3 – 0.5 mg/kg

IV

Mix = volumes of 100mg/ml Ketamine with 5 mg/ml Diazepam; administer at 1 ml per 4.5 – 9 kg

Ketamine and

Xylazine

10 mg/kg

0.7 – 1.0 mg/kg

IM

Telazol

2 – 8

IM, SQ

Propofol

4 - 6 mg/kg

IV

Lower end if preanesthetic given, Ultrashort, Induction; may prolong with constant rate infusion/bolus administration

Thiopental

6 - 12

IV

Ultrashort; Induction

Isoflurane

3% - 5% Induction

1% - 3% Maintenance

Inhalation

Requires precision vaporizer¹; Vaporizer calibration required annually²; Waste anesthetic gases must be scavenged³

Pentobarbital

20 – 30 mg/kg

IV

20-40 minute duration;

Low margin of safety;

Unreliable anesthesia

¹ Survival procedures requires the use of a precision vaporizer for Isoflurane gas delivery. The DCM has Isoflurane machines that can be rented for a nominal fee.

² To facilitate vaporizer calibration, the DCM coordinates annually with an outside vendor. This is typically scheduled in October of each year. Investigators are welcome to drop off their vaporizers in the DCM for calibration. The cost of the service is shared amongst the investigators.

³ For the GUACUC or DCM policy on scavenging waste gases, please refer to…

ANALGESICS (PAIN RELIEVERS)

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Buprenorphine

0.005 – 0.02 mg/kg

SQ, IM, IV

Every 6 – 12 hours

Opioid

Butorphanol

0.2 – 0.8 mg/kg

SQ, IM, IV

Every 4 hours

Opioid

Morphine

0.2 – 0.6 mg/kg

IV, IM

Every 4 hours

Opioid

Fentanyl

0.005 – 0.01 mg/kg

<5kg, ½ 25 mcg patch;

5 – 10 kg, 25 mcg patch,

10 - 20 kg, 50 mcg patch,

20 – 30 kg, 75 mcg patch,

>30 kg, 100 mcg patch

IV

transdermal

Every 1- 2 hours

3 day duration

Opioid

Aspirin

10 mg/kg

PO

Every 12 hours

NSAID

Carprofen

2.2 mg/kg

PO, SQ, IV

Every 12 hours

NSAID

Ketoprofen

2 mg/kg

IM

Every 24 hours

NSAID

Banamine

0.5 – 1.0 mg/kg

IV, IM

Every 24 hours

NSAID; 3day maximum duration

Meloxicam

0.2 mg/kg loading dose

0.1 mg/kg maintenance dose

PO, SQ, IV

Every 24 hours

NSAID

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SWINE

SEDATIVES, TRANQUILZERS AND DISSOCIATIVES (RESTRAINT ONLY)

            USED FOR NON-INVASIVE, NON-PAINFUL PROCEDURES ONLY

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Acepromazine

1.1 – 2.2 mg/kg

IM, SQ, iv

Diazepam

0.5 – 1.5 mg/kg

1.0 – 5.0

IV

IM

Ketamine and Acepromazine

33 mg/kg

1.1 mg/kg

IM

GENERAL ANESTHESIA – SURVIVAL PROCEDURES

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Ketamine and Medetomidine

1 - 10 mg/kg

0.1 – 0.2 mg/kg

IM

Ketamine and

Xylazine

20 mg/kg

2 mg/kg

IM

Tiletamine/Zolazepam (Telazol)

2 – 8.8

IM

Telazol and

Xylazine

4.4 mg/kg

2.2 – 4.4 mg/kg

IM

Propofol

4 - 20 mg/kg

IV

“To effect”

Ultrashort, Induction; may prolong with constant rate infusion/bolus administration

Thiopental

6 - 30

IV

“To effect”

Ultrashort; Induction

Isoflurane

3% - 5% Induction

1% - 3% Maintenance

Inhalation

Requires precision vaporizer¹; Vaporizer calibration required annually²; Waste anesthetic gases must be scavenged³

Pentobarbital

20 – 40 mg/kg

IV

20-40 minute duration;

Low margin of safety;

Unreliable anesthesia

¹ Survival procedures requires the use of a precision vaporizer for Isoflurane gas delivery. The DCM has Isoflurane machines that can be rented for a nominal fee.

² To facilitate vaporizer calibration, the DCM coordinates annually with an outside vendor. This is typically scheduled in October of each year. Investigators are welcome to drop off their vaporizers in the DCM for calibration. The cost of the service is shared amongst the investigators.

³ For the GUACUC or DCM policy on scavenging waste gases, please refer to…

ANALGESICS (PAIN RELIEVERS)

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Buprenorphine

0.05 – 0.1 mg/kg

SQ, IM, IV

Every 8 – 12 hours

Opioid

Butorphanol

0.1 – 0.3 mg/kg

IM

Every 8 – 12 hours

Opioid

Morphine

0.2 mg/kg

IM

Every 4 hours

Opioid; 20 mg total dose; may cause excitement

Fentanyl

0.02 – 0.05 mg/kg

IV

Every 4 hours

Opioid

Aspirin

10 - 20 mg/kg

PO

Every 6 hours

NSAID

Carprofen

2 - 3 mg/kg

2 mg/kg

PO

SQ

Every 12 hours

Every 24 hours

NSAID

Ketoprofen

1 - 3 mg/kg

IM, SQ

Every 24 hours

NSAID

Banamine

2 mg/kg

IV, SQ

Every 12 - 24 hours

NSAID

Meloxicam

0.4 mg/kg

PO, SQ

Every 24 hours

NSAID

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BAT

ANESTHESIA

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Isoflurane

3% - 5% Induction

1% - 3% Maintenance

Inhalation

Requires precision vaporizer¹; Vaporizer calibration required annually²; Waste anesthetic gases must be scavenged³

Medetomidine

¹ Survival procedures requires the use of a precision vaporizer for Isoflurane gas delivery. The DCM has Isoflurane machines that can be rented for a nominal fee.

² To facilitate vaporizer calibration, the DCM coordinates annually with an outside vendor. This is typically scheduled in October of each year. Investigators are welcome to drop off their vaporizers in the DCM for calibration. The cost of the service is shared amongst the investigators.

³ For the GUACUC or DCM policy on scavenging waste gases, please refer to…

ANALGESIA

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Butorphanol (0.5 mg/ml)

0.0001 mg/gram

SQ

Every 4 – 6 hours, 48 maximum duration

Mix 0.05 ml Butorphanol 0.5 mg/ml with 0.95 ml sterile water/saline; Give 0.04 ml per 13 grams

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FROG

ANESTHESIA

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

MS-222

(Tricaine Methanesulfonate)

0.5 – 3 gm per liter of water

Immersion¹

Transdermal/Topical²

As needed to maintain surgical plane of anesthesia

Buffer to neutral pH with sodium bicarbonate, typically 0.42 – 1.05 gm per liter of water³

Isoflurane

0.03 – 0.06 ml/ gram⁴

Mix⁵

Topical

Chlorine and chloramines, common additives to local water supplies (ie, tap water), are toxic to these animals. Always use dechlorinated water. The dechlorination process can be accomplished by either evaporation or carbon filtration. For evaporation, the tap water must sit open to the air for 24 – 48 hours before use. This works only if the water supply contains chlorine and NOT chloramine. Filtration is the only mechanism by which chloramines can be removed from the water before use.

Frogs respire through their skin and through lungs. At a moderate to deep plane of anesthesia, the gular movements (the in and out movement of the area under the chin), which indicate lung respiration, will cease. The beating heart however, can be visualized in the chest in order to monitor the animal.

¹ The animal should be immersed in the anesthetic solution in a container from which the frog cannot escape. The animals tend to exhibit an excitatory phase during induction and may attempt to jump out of the holding container. The anesthetic solution should be of a depth such that potential drowning of the animal is minimized and the animals should be continuously monitored.

² Maintenance of the anesthetic plane is accomplished by either placing the animal on an absorbent pad soaked with the anesthetic liquid or the liquid may be dropped unto the animal’s skin periodically. In all cases, contamination of the surgical site must be avoided. For recovery, rinse the frog’s skin with dechlorinated water and place in a shallow recovery tank with dechlorinated water.

³ Non-buffered anesthetic solutions are irritating to the frog’s skin and will delay the onset of anesthesia.

⁴ Apply 0.03 - 0.04 ml per gram to an absorbent material with a moisture-proof backing and apply the patch to the frog’s back. Again, expect an excitatory phase during induction. Remove patch and rinse with dechlorinated water for recovery and place in a shallow recovery tank with dechlorinated water.

⁵ Mix 3 ml of Isoflurane, 3 ml of KY jelly and 1.5 ml of dechlorinated water. Mix well and apply 0.1 – 0.2 ml per gram to an absorbent material with a moisture-proof backing and apply the patch to the frog’s back. Again, expect an excitatory phase during induction. Remove patch and rinse with dechlorinated water for recovery and place in a shallow recovery tank with dechlorinated water.

ANALGESIC

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Xylazine

10 mg/kg

Intracoelomic

Every 12 -24 hours

Little information on analgesics in frogs

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FISH

SEDATIVES, TRANQUILIZERS & ANESTHETICS

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

MS-222

(Tricaine Methanesulfonate)

20 – 30 mg/liter of water for sedation;

100 mg/liter of water for surgical anesthesia

Transdermal/Topical

Buffer with sodium bicarbonate to a neutral pH¹

Animals must be kept well-oxygenated during surgery. Oxygenated water must be continually passed over the gills.

Animals must be kept moist throughout surgery. Be sure not to contaminate the surgical site.

¹ Non-buffered anesthetic solutions are irritating to the skin and will delay the onset of anesthesia.

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MACAQUES (NON-HUMAN PRIMATE)

SEDATIVES, TRANQUILZERS AND DISSOCIATIVES (RESTRAINT ONLY)

            USED FOR NON-INVASIVE, NON-PAINFUL PROCEDURES ONLY

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Acepromazine

0.1 – 0.5 mg/kg

IM, SQ, IV

Diazepam

0.1 – 1.0 mg/kg

IM, IV

Medetomidine

0.010 – 0.035 mg/kg

IM

Reversible*

Atipamezole* (Antisedan)

0.15 mg/kg

IM

Administer an equal volume as Medetomidine

Ketamine

5 – 25 mg/kg

IM

Restraint only; Muscle rigidity

GENERAL ANESTHESIA – SURVIVAL PROCEDURES

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Ketamine and

Xylazine

7 - 10 mg/kg

0.5 – 2.0 mg/kg

IM

Telazol

2 – 8

IM, SQ

Propofol

2.5 – 12 mg/kg

IV

Lower end if preanesthetic given, Ultrashort, Induction; may prolong with constant rate infusion/bolus administration

Thiopental

5 - 25

IV

Ultrashort; Induction

Isoflurane

3% - 5% Induction

1% - 3% Maintenance

Inhalation

Requires precision vaporizer¹; Vaporizer calibration required annually²; Waste anesthetic gases must be scavenged³

Pentobarbital

15 – 30 mg/kg

IV

20-40 minute duration;

Low margin of safety;

Unreliable anesthesia

¹ Survival procedures requires the use of a precision vaporizer for Isoflurane gas delivery. The DCM has Isoflurane machines that can be rented for a nominal fee.

² To facilitate vaporizer calibration, the DCM coordinates annually with an outside vendor. This is typically scheduled in October of each year. Investigators are welcome to drop off their vaporizers in the DCM for calibration. The cost of the service is shared amongst the investigators.

³ For the GUACUC or DCM policy on scavenging waste gases, please refer to…

ANALGESICS (PAIN RELIEVERS)

DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY COMMENTS

Buprenorphine

0.01 – 0.03 mg/kg

SQ, IM, IV

Every 12 hours

Opioid

Butorphanol

0.05 – 0.3 mg/kg

SQ, IV

Every 8 hours

Opioid

Morphine

1 - 2 mg/kg

IV, IM, SQ

Every 4 hours

Opioid

Fentanyl

0.05 – 0.15 mcg/kg

<5kg, ½ 25 mcg patch;

5 – 10 kg, 25 mcg patch,

10 - 20 kg, 50 mcg patch,

IV, IM

transdermal

Every 1- 2 hours, as needed

3 day duration

Opioid

Aspirin

20 - 25 mg/kg

PO

Every 8 - 12 hours

NSAID

Carprofen

2 mg/kg

PO

Every 12 hours

NSAID

Ketoprofen

2 mg/kg

IM, IV, SQ

Every 24 hours

NSAID

Banamine

2 mg/kg

IM

Every 12 hours

NSAID

Acetominophen

5 – 10 mg/kg

PO

Every 8 - 12 hours

Anti-inflammatory

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REFERENCES

Thurmon, J., et al. Lumb & Jones’ Veterinary Anesthesia, Third edition. Williams & Wilkins, 1996.

Fox, J., et al. Laboratory Animals Medicine, Second edition. Academic Press, 2002.

Kohn, D., et al. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals. Academic Press, 1997.

Stetter, M.D., et al. Isoflurane anesthesia in amphibians: Comparison of five application methods. Proceedings, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 1996, 255-257.

Smith, J., et al. Isoflurane Anesthesia in the African Clawed Frog (Xenopus laevis). Contemporary Topics 39 (6), November, 2000, 39-42.

Stetter, M. Fish and Amphibian Anesthesia. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice, 4 (1), January, 2001, 69-82.

Muir, W. et al. Handbook of Veterinary Anesthesia, Second Edition. Mosby, 1995.

Carpenter, J., et al.   Exotic Animal Formulary, Second Edition. Saunders, 2001.

Bollen, P., et al. The Laboratory Swine, Volume in the Laboratory Animal Pocket Reference Series. CRC Press, 2000.

Swindle, M. Surgery, Anesthesia, and Experimental Techniques in Swine, First edition. Iowa State Press, 1998.

Quesenberry, K., et al. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents, Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Second Edition. Saunders, 2004.

Lollar, A., et al. Captive Care and Medical Reference for the Rehabilitation of Insectivorous Bats. Bat World Publication, 1998.

Harkness, J., et al. The Biology and Medicine of Rabbits and Rodents, Forth Edition. Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

Hawk, T., et al. Formulary for Laboratory Animals, Second Edition. Iowa State Press, 1999.

Swindle, M. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Swine, Technical Bulletin. SRC, Inc, Fall 2004.

Bowser, PR. Anesthetic Options for Fish. Recent Advances in Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia: Companion Animals, RD Gleed & JW Ludders. International Veterinary Information Services (www.ivis.org).

Nonhuman Primate Formulary. American Primate Veterinarians Association, 2004.

Orr, H., et al. Assessment of Ketamine and Medetomide Anesthesia in the Domestic Rabbit. Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, 32(5), 271-279, Sept., 2005.

Henke, J., et al. Comparative Study of Three Intramuscular Anaesthetic Combinations (Medetomidine / Ketamine, Medetomidine / Fentanyl / Midazolam and Xylazine / Ketamine) in Rabbits. Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, 32(5): 261-270, Sept., 2005.

Plumb, D. Plumb’s Veterinary Drug Handbook, Fifth Edition, Blackwell Publishing Professional, 2005.

Lieggi, C. et al. An Evaluation of Preparation Methods and Storage Conditions of Tribromoethanol. Contemporary Topics, 44(1):11-16, January, 2005.

Lieggi, C. et al. Efficacy and Safety of Stored and Newly Prepared Tribromoethanol in ICR Mice. Contemporary Topics, 44(1): 17-22, January, 2005.

Vachon, P., et al. A Pathophysiological Study of Abdominal Organs Following Intraperitoneal Injections of Chloral Hydrate in Rats: Comparison Between Two Anaesthesia Protocols. Laboratory Animals, 34: 84-90, 2000.

Silverman, J., et al. Special Topic Overview, A Review of Laboratory Animal Anesthesia with Chloral Hydrate and Chloralose. Laboratory Animal Science, 43(3), 210-216, 1993.

Welberg, L., et al., Ketamine-Xylazine-Acepromazine Anesthesia and Postoperatie Recovery in Rats. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 45(2), 13-20, 2006.

Pritchett, KR & B.F. Corning. Biology and Medicine of Rats in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Management, JD Reuter & MA Suckow (eds.), International Veterinary Information Systems (www.ivis.org), Ithaca, NY, 2004.

Jacobson, C. A Novel Anaesthetic Regimen for Surgical Procedures in Guineapigs, Laboratory Animals, Ltd, 35(3): 271 – 276, 2001.

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